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Ethnicity, including language, belongs to culture, race to biology. But ethnic groups have been treated as races and racial groups have ethnicities. US immigration has resulted in the racialization of different ethnic groups, as well as invention of the idea of ethnic groups. Despite the assimilation of European groups, Anglo-Americans remain dominant and we don't know if Latinx, Asian, and Middle Eastern immigrants will assimilate, given views of them as "undocumented," "foreign," and "terrorist suspects." Indigenous groups throughout the world continue to base their identities on geographical and ancestral ties. In Brazil, race is intertwined with socioeconomic class, while in India, caste is tied to occupation.

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