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The initial idea of this paper was rather simple. I wanted to compare Peirce's views on logic as a critical study of habits of inquiry with corresponding views of Polish logicians from the twenty years period of independence of Poland ended by the Second World War. That was a period of intensive activity and considerable achievements of the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy. A rather large group of outstanding logicians, among them Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Czeżowski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Alfred Tarski, to mention only those to whom I will refer throughout my paper, formed a part of the Lvov-Warsaw School, and all of these were leading figures of the School of Polish Logic. Besides the names mentioned above I will occasionally refer to Ludwik Fleck, another outstanding Polish scholar, though by no means a member of the Lvov-Warsaw School. Rather, he was an eminent outsider. A microbiologist, with a keen interest in philosophical foundations of science, he was one of the earliest and most incisive critics of the doctrine of Logical Positivism both in the form known from the Wiener Kreis and that cultivated by Polish logicians and philosophers.

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8252-0_13

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